S-methylmethionine (Vitamin U) as antiulcer agent .......

About S-methylthionine :

S-Methylmethionine, or S-methyl-L-methionine, is a derivative of methionine In plants, it is produced from methionine by the enzyme methionine S-methyltransferase. S-Methyl- methionine is sometimes called vitamin U in naturopathic medicine, but it is not recognized as a vitamin by mainstream nutrition science. Methionine in itself has not been demonstrated as effective for treating peptic and duodenal ulcers. Its proponents claim that sources of methionine are limited, or claim it can be found only in raw cabbage; however, these claims are incorrect. Methionine is a common amino acid found in a wide variety of fruits, vegetables, and legumes.

More interesting results by the researchers from the Stanford University, have further substantiated the claim that it can be used to treat peptic and duodenal ulcers.

Acetaminophen is a pain reliever present in many over-the-counter cold and flu medicines. It is broken down, or metabolized, in the body into byproducts , one of which can be very toxic to the liver. At normal, therapeutic levels, this byproduct is easily deactivated when it binds to a naturally occurring, protective molecule called glutathione. But the body's glutathione stores are finite, and are quickly depleted when the recommended doses of acetaminophen are exceeded. Acetaminophen overdose is the most common cause of liver transplantation and the only effective antidote is an unpalatable compound called NAC that can induce nausea and vomiting, and must be administered as soon as possible after the overdose.

As per the claim by the authors, an enzyme called Bhmt2 helped to generate more glutathione. Bhmt2 works by converting the diet-derived molecule S-methylmethionine, or SMM, into methionine, which is subsequently converted in a series of steps into glutathione. The researchers confirmed the importance of the pathway by showing that SMM conferred protection against acetaminophen-induced liver toxicity only in strains of mice in which the Bhmt2 pathway was functional.

By administering SMM, which is found in every flowering plant and vegetable, we were able to prevent a lot of the drug’s toxic effect,” said Peltz. He and his colleagues are now working to set up clinical trials at Stanford to see whether it will have a similar effect in humans. In the meantime, though, he cautions against assuming that dosing oneself with SMM will protect against acetaminophen overdose....

Source : http://med.stanford.edu/ism/2009/november/peltz.html

Arbor Pharmaceuticals Announces FDA Approval of Cetylev

Arbor Pharmaceuticals announced today that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved its New Drug Application (NDA) for Cetylev (acetylcysteine effervescent tablets for oral solution).  

(acetylcysteine)

Cetylev is an antidote for acetaminophen overdose indicated to prevent or lessen hepatic injury after ingestion of a potentially hepatotoxic quantity of acetaminophen in patients with acute ingestion or from repeated supratherapeutic ingestion. Acetaminophen overdose is the most common poisoning reported to emergency rooms in the United States. According to the American Association of Poison Control Centers there were 73,347 reported acetaminophen exposures in 2014 which resulted in 108 deaths.

Cetylev will be available in ready to use effervescent tablets intended to be mixed with water, resulting in a pleasant lemon-mint tasting solution. Currently, acetylcysteine solution is available in vials intended for inhalation which pharmacists typically mix with a diet cola for ingestion orally. It is also available in an intravenous dosage form which requires that patients be admitted into the hospital.

"For patients with acetaminophen overdose, it is critically important to administer acetylcysteine as quickly as possible to reverse or reduce potential fatal damage to the liver. Emergency rooms, ambulances and pharmacies will have a ready to use dosage form of acetylcysteine that can be administered quickly," said Ed Schutter, President and CEO of Arbor. "Cetylev adds to our growing portfolio of now nineteen different approved prescription products that may help to improve the lives of our patients."

Arbor Pharmaceuticals Announces FDA Approval of Cetylev

Scientists set out to develop safer versions of acetaminophen

Acetaminophen (ApAP) is an electron donor capable of reducing radicals generated by redox cycling of hemeproteins. It acts on the prostaglandin H synthases (cyclooxygenases; COXs) to reduce the protoporphyrin radical cation in the peroxidase site of the enzyme, thus preventing the intramolecular electron transfer that generates the Tyr385 radical required for abstraction of a hydrogen from arachidonic acid to initiate prostaglandin synthesis. Unrelated to this pharmacological action, metabolism of ApAP by CYPs yields an iminoquinone electrophile that is responsible for the hepatotoxicity, which results from high doses of the drug. Researchers synthesized novel heterocyclic phenols predicted to be electron donors. Two of these inhibited the oxygenation of arachidonic acid by PGHS-1 and myoglobin and also were shown to be more metabolically stable and exhibited less direct cytotoxicity than acetaminophen. They are leading candidates for studies to determine whether they are free of the metabolism-based hepatotoxicity produced by acetaminophen.....

Ref : http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ml4000904

Scientists set out to develop safer versions of acetaminophen

FDA Approves Apadaz (benzhydrocodone and acetaminophen) for the Short-Term Management of Acute Pain

In continuation of my update on Apadaz 

KemPharm, Inc.     announced  the   FDA  approval of  its New Drug Application (NDA) for Apadaz for the short-term (no more than 14 days) management of acute pain severe enough to require an opioid analgesic and for which alternative treatments are inadequate. Apadaz is an immediate release (IR) combination of KemPharm’s prodrug, benzhydrocodone, and acetaminophen (APAP).

benzhydrocodone               

“The approval of Apadaz is a significant milestone for KemPharm as it creates the opportunity to introduce what we believe is a differentiated product for the short-term management of acute pain,” said Travis Mickle, Ph.D., KemPharm President and Chief Executive Officer. “Based on its unique properties, we firmly believe there is a commercial pathway for Apadaz in what is a very high-volume market. We are excited by the opportunity Apadaz offers to patients and for physicians who now have the option of prescribing a differentiated product.”

“In addition to today’s approval, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) has indicated that it is their intent to schedule Apadaz as a C-II product and will provide an allocation of the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) consistent with those scheduling provisions,” added Dr. Mickle. “This prompt decision by the DEA essentially completes the regulatory process with both Agencies and allows us to shift our focus towards the product launch.”

FDA Approves Apadaz (benzhydrocodone and acetaminophen) for the Short-Term Management of Acute Pain

Charleston Laboratories, Inc. and Daiichi Sankyo, Inc. Announce FDA Acceptance of New Drug Application (NDA) for CL-108

In continuation of my updates on hydrocodone, Promethazine & acetaminophen

Charleston Laboratories, Inc. and Daiichi Sankyo, Inc.  announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has accepted for review the New Drug Application (NDA) for CL-108   (is a novel bi-layered tablet containing 12.5mg of immediate release promethazine with a modified release of 7.5 mg of hydrocodone and 325mg of acetaminophen) for the relief of moderate to severe pain while preventing or reducing the associated opioid-induced nausea and vomiting (OINV). CL-108 is a fixed-dose, immediate-release bi-layered tablet with a rapid release layer containing 12.5 mg of promethazine and a second layer containing 7.5 mg of hydrocodone and 325 mg of acetaminophen. The FDA has set a target action date under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) of January 31, 2017.

 promethazine

"With this NDA acceptance, patients are one step closer to being able to have an option for relieving pain while also preventing or minimizing the nausea and vomiting side effects of opioid treatment," said Paul Bosse, President and Chief Executive Officer of Charleston Laboratories, Inc. "At Charleston Laboratories, a key part of our mission is to develop and commercialize products that provide patients with novel solutions for improving their pain management. This acceptance represents an important contractual milestone under our relationship with Daiichi Sankyo."

"Daiichi Sankyo is dedicated to bringing innovative medicines to patients with unmet medical needs in the area of pain management," said Mahmoud Ghazzi, MD, PhD, President and Global Head of Development for Daiichi Sankyo. "We look forward to working closely with the FDA during the review process for CL-108 and support the Agency's efforts to foster the safe and responsible use of opioid medications."

The NDA for CL-108 is supported by two pivotal randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled Phase 3 clinical studies, one following oral surgery (molar removal) and the other after bunionectomy surgery (removal of bunions from the foot), as well as by an additional Phase 3 open-label, actual use safety study in patients with moderate-to-severe acute pain, or "flares," associated with osteoarthritis of the knee or hip. More than 1,000 patients have been enrolled in the CL-108 Phase 3 clinical trial program. A human abuse liability study has also been conducted.

FDA Issues Complete Response Letter for Apadaz New Drug Application

KemPharm, Inc.  a clinical-stage specialty pharmaceutical company engaged in the discovery and development of proprietary prodrugs,  announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued a Complete Response Letter (CRL) regarding the New Drug Application (NDA) for Apadaz™ (benzhydrocodone and acetaminophen), KemPharm’s investigational abuse-deterrent product candidate for the short-term management of acute pain.

 benzhydrocodone         acetaminophen

The FDA issues CRLs to indicate that the Agency considers the review cycle for an application is complete and that the application is not ready for approval in its present form. Included in the CRL is guidance that describes all specific deficiencies that the FDA has identified in the application. When possible, the FDA recommends actions that the applicant may take to place the application in condition for approval.

“After last week’s amendment request, a Complete Response Letter from the FDA was received for the Apadaz NDA,” said Travis C. Mickle, Ph.D., President and CEO of KemPharm. “We are currently evaluating the points raised in the CRL and intend to request an End of Review meeting with the Agency to determine the pathway forward for Apadaz.”

FDA Approves Onpattro (patisiran) Targeted RNA-based Therapy for Polyneuropathy Caused by hATTR

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today approved Onpattro (patisiran) infusion for the treatment of peripheral nerve disease (polyneuropathy) caused by hereditary transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis (hATTR) in adult patients. This is the first FDA-approved treatment for patients with polyneuropathy caused by hATTR, a rare, debilitating and often fatal genetic disease characterized by the buildup of abnormal amyloid protein in peripheral nerves, the heart and other organs. It is also the first FDA approval of a new class of drugs called small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) treatment.

“This approval is part of a broader wave of advances that allow us to treat disease by actually targeting the root cause, enabling us to arrest or reverse a condition, rather than only being able to slow its progression or treat its symptoms. In this case, the effects of the disease cause a degeneration of the nerves, which can manifest in pain, weakness and loss of mobility,” said FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb, M.D. “New technologies like RNA inhibitors, that alter the genetic drivers of a disease, have the potential to transform medicine, so we can better confront and even cure debilitating illnesses. We’re committed to advancing scientific principles that enable the efficient development and review of safe, effective and groundbreaking treatments that have the potential to change patients’ lives.”

RNA acts as a messenger within the body’s cells, carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins. RNA interference is a process that occurs naturally within our cells to block how certain genes are expressed. Since its discovery in 1998, scientists have used RNA interference as a tool to investigate gene function and its involvement in health and disease. Researchers at the National Institutes of Health, for example, have used robotic technologies to introduce siRNAs into human cells to individually turn off nearly 22,000 genes.

This new class of drugs, called siRNAs, work by silencing a portion of RNA involved in causing the disease. More specifically, Onpattro encases the siRNA into a lipid nanoparticle to deliver the drug directly into the liver, in an infusion treatment, to alter or halt the production of disease-causing proteins.

Affecting about 50,000 people worldwide, hATTR is a rare condition. It is characterized by the buildup of abnormal deposits of protein fibers called amyloid in the body's organs and tissues, interfering with their normal functioning. These protein deposits most frequently occur in the peripheral nervous system, which can result in a loss of sensation, pain, or immobility in the arms, legs, hands and feet. Amyloid deposits can also affect the functioning of the heart, kidneys, eyes and gastrointestinal tract. Treatment options have generally focused on symptom management.

Onpattro is designed to interfere with RNA production of an abnormal form of the protein transthyretin (TTR). By preventing the production of TTR, the drug can help reduce the accumulation of amyloid deposits in peripheral nerves, improving symptoms and helping patients better manage the condition.

“There has been a long-standing need for a treatment for hereditary transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis polyneuropathy. This unique targeted therapy offers these patients an innovative treatment for their symptoms that directly affects the underlying basis of this disease,” said Billy Dunn, M.D., director of the Division of Neurology Products in the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research.

The efficacy of Onpattro was shown in a clinical trial involving 225 patients, 148 of whom were randomly assigned to receive an Onpattro infusion once every three weeks for 18 months, and 77 of whom were randomly assigned to receive a placebo infusion at the same frequency. The patients who received Onpattro had better outcomes on measures of polyneuropathy including muscle strength, sensation (pain, temperature, numbness), reflexes and autonomic symptoms (blood pressure, heart rate, digestion) compared to those receiving the placebo infusions. Onpattro-treated patients also scored better on assessments of walking, nutritional status and the ability to perform activities of daily living.

The most common adverse reactions reported by patients treated with Onpattro are infusion-related reactions including flushing, back pain, nausea, abdominal pain, dyspnea (difficulty breathing) and headache. All patients who participated in the clinical trials received premedication with a corticosteroid, acetaminophen, and antihistamines (H1 and H2 blockers) to reduce the occurrence of infusion-related reactions. Patients may also experience vision problems including dry eyes, blurred vision and eye floaters (vitreous floaters). Onpattro leads to a decrease in serum vitamin A levels, so patients should take a daily Vitamin A supplement at the recommended daily allowance.

The FDA granted this application Fast Track, Priority Review and Breakthrough Therapy designations. Onpattro also received Orphan Drug designation, which provides incentives to assist and encourage the development of drugs for rare diseases.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patisiran

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FDA Approves Onpattro (patisiran) Targeted RNA-based Therapy for Polyneuropathy Caused by hATTR

Natural molecule NAC could benefit patients with Parkinson's disease

The natural molecule, n-acetylcysteine (NAC), with strong antioxidant effects, shows potential benefit as part of the management for patients with Parkinson's disease, according to a study published today in the journal PLOS ONE. Combining clinical evaluations of a patient's mental and physical abilities with brain imaging studies that tracked the levels of dopamine, the lack of which is thought to cause Parkinson's, doctors from the Departments of Integrative Medicine, Neurology, and Radiology, at Thomas Jefferson University showed that patients receiving NAC improved on both measures.

 Acetylcysteine

Current treatments for Parkinson's disease are generally limited to temporarily replacing dopamine in the brain as well as some medications designed to slow the progression of the disease process. Recently, researchers have shown that oxidative stress in the brain may play a critical role in the Parkinson's disease process, and that this stress also lowers levels of glutathione, a chemical produced by the brain to counteract oxidative stress. Studies in brain cells showed that NAC helps reduce oxidative damage to neurons by helping restore the levels of the antioxidant glutathione. NAC is an oral supplement that can be obtained at most nutrition stores, and interestingly also comes in an intravenous form which is used to protect the liver in acetaminophen overdose.

"This study reveals a potentially new avenue for managing Parkinson's patients and shows that n-acetylcysteine may have a unique physiological effect that alters the disease process and enables dopamine neurons to recover some function," said senior author on the paper Daniel Monti, M.D., M.B.A., Director of the Myrna Brind Center of Integrative Medicine, and the Brind-Marcus Center of Integrative Medicine at Thomas Jefferson University.

In this study, Parkinson's patients who continued their current standard of care treatment, were placed into two groups. The first group received a combination of oral and intravenous (IV) NAC for three months. These patients received 50mg/kg NAC intravenously once per week and 600mg NAC orally 2x per day on the non IV days. The second group, the control patients, received only their standard of care for Parkinson's treatment. Patients were evaluated initially, before starting the NAC and then after three months of receiving the NAC while the control patients were simply evaluated initially and three months later. The evaluation consisted of standard clinical measures such as the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), a survey administered by doctors to help determine the stage of disease, and a brain scan via DaTscan SPECT imaging, which measures the amount of dopamine transporter in the basal ganglia, the area most affected by the Parkinson's disease process. Compared to controls, the patients receiving NAC had improvements of 4-9 percent in dopamine transporter binding and also had improvements in their UPDRS score of about 13 percent.

"We have not previously seen an intervention for Parkinson's disease have this kind of effect on the brain," said first author and neuro-imaging expert Andrew Newberg, M.D., Professor at the Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Jefferson and Director of Research at the Myrna Brind Center of Integrative Medicine. The investigators hope that this research will open up new avenues of treatment for Parkinson's disease patients.

Launch of Cobroxin for chronic pain relief.....

I used to read in magazines that,  there are people who sell Cobra venom (from India) for research purpose and there were many groups working on this field. Yes, now the dream has come true,  Nutra Pharma Corp, a biotechnology company that is developing treatments for Adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN), HIV and Multiple Sclerosis (MS), has announced recently  that,  it has launched an OTC- pain reliever, Cobroxin, for the treatment of Stage 2 (moderate to severe) chronic pain.  

As per the claim by the company, Cobroxin is the first OTC pain reliever clinically proven to treat Stage 2 (moderate to severe) chronic pain. The drug, which was developed by Nutra Pharma’s wholly-owned drug discovery subsidiary, ReceptoPharm, will be available as an oral spray for treating lower back pain, migraines, neck aches, shoulder pain, cramps and neuralgia and as a topical gel for treating repetitive stress, arthritis, and joint pain. More over the claims by the company (All Natural;Non-Addictive ;Non-Narcotic ;Non-Opiate ;More Potent than Morphine ; Long Lasting) are really encouraging and hope will become an alternative to the presently available NSAIDs (which have many side effects).

 

The mode of action claimed by the researchers, (peptides from the cobra venom) has many ways superior to the current opiate-based analgesics and those containing acetaminophen & there by help to overcome the side effects.

Hope in the days to come the people suffering from chronic pain will have a  relief....

For more details on cobroxin u can visit the site ...

MNK-795 for acute pain management: an interview with Dr Lynn Webster

MNK-795 is an investigational, extended-release, oral formulation of oxycodone  (left) and acetaminophen (right) that has been studied for the management of moderate to severe acute pain where the use of an opioid analgesic is appropriate. 

MNK-795 is a product in development that is intended to be used for acute pain. It has some unique properties. First, it is an extended release formulation, meaning that it’s going to last more than three to four hours. It was studied to be dosed once every 12 hours, and that is unique for an acute pain formulation.

Secondly, it has abuse deterrent properties which mean that the new design and technology within this formulation may prevent people who try to manipulate, alter or convert the extended release into an immediate release in order to achieve a greater high.

Research has found that when the formulation is manipulated, when it’s crushed in some way or ground up, it actually delays the onset of some of its properties, the liking properties. So rather than causing more liking, more of a high, it actually causes less of a liking and less of a high when it’s manipulated.

This is the first time I’m aware that any technology has delayed and lessened the liking once it’s manipulated. I must, however, stress that at present these are only research results and we cannot yet confirm how MNK-795 will perform in the real world.

MNK-795 for acute pain management: an interview with Dr Lynn Webster