For more than a decade, oncologists using cytotoxic chemotherapy to treat patients with advanced metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) have relied on the sequential use of single agent taxanes such as docetaxel and cabazitaxel. For example, docetaxel is commonly used as the "first-line" therapy, while cabazitaxel is used as the "second-line" therapy. A role for combination therapy using two or more chemotherapy agents at the same time has not been well studied. This week, however, results of a clinical trial presented at the American Society of Clinical Oncology meeting by researchers at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center may change the perspective on a role for combination chemotherapy in advanced disease.
Carboplatin 
Cabazitaxel 
Docetaxel
The study compared the effectiveness of cabazitaxel alone versus cabazitaxel combined with carboplatin -- a type of platinum chemotherapy -- in patients with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). To date, 160 men have been randomized to treatment with either the single or dual chemotherapy drug regimen. Each patient received up to 10 cycles of chemotherapy.
To monitor the effects of treatment, MD Anderson researchers tracked several variables including Progression Free Survival, as well as changes in blood levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP, a marker of prostate cancer in bone cells). In addition, safety and toxicity were monitored for both patient groups.
Analysis and comparison of the data demonstrated that median PFS was significantly longer for patients receiving combination versus single agent chemotherapy (6.7 months vs 4.4 months, respectively, p = 0.01). Furthermore, reductions in both PSA and BAP were greater for the combination therapy group. PSA reductions greater than 50 percent occurred 60 percent of the time with combined chemotherapy vs. 44 percent with the single drug. PSA reductions greater than 90 percent occurred 28 percent of the time with two chemotherapy drugs vs. 20 percent with one. In addition, BAP reductions greater than 50 percent for combination vs. single drug were 63 percent and 25 percent respectively.
Side effects, such as fatigue, anemia and neutropenia were comparable for both the single-drug regimen and two-drug regimen. In addition, there were no significant toxicity events.
"We believe cabazitaxel-carboplatin combination chemotherapy may become the clinical standard for advanced prostate cancer once additional safety, efficacy and overall survival data is generated," explained Paul Corn, M.D., Ph.D., an associate professor of genitourinary medical oncology at MD Anderson. "Dr. Ana Aparicio's lab is currently developing tumor-specific biomarkers to identity patients with an aggressive variant of prostate cancer most likely to benefit from this approach."
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