Nasal Spray That Improves Memory !

The first evidence that the immunoregulatory signal interleukin-6 plays a beneficial role in sleep-dependent formation of long-term memory in humans.

The cytokine IL-6 has been considered to exert neuromodulating influences on the brain, with promoting influences on sleep. Sleep enhances the consolidation of memories, and, in particular, late nocturnal sleep also represents a period of enhanced IL-6 signaling, due to a distinctly enhanced availability of soluble IL-6 receptors during this period, enabling trans-signaling of IL-6 to neurons.

Thus, a contribution of IL-6 to sleep-dependent memory consolidation like the influence of interleukin-6 is hypothesized.

To make this discovery, Marshall and colleagues had 17 healthy young men spend two nights in the laboratory. On each night after reading either an emotional or neutral short story, they sprayed a fluid into their nostrils which contained either interleukin-6 or a placebo fluid. The subsequent sleep and brain electric activity was monitored throughout the night. The next morning subjects wrote down as many words as they could remember from each of the two stories. Those who received the dose of IL-6 could remember more words.

Gene Behind Malaria-resistant Mosquitoes Identified

The mosquitoes can also be our allies in the fight against this common foe malaria. This article is interesting because of its basis i.e., malaria parasites must spend part of their lives inside mosquitoes and another part inside humans, so by learning how mosquitoes resist malaria, we may find new tools for controlling its transmission to humans in endemic areas.....

Gene Behind Malaria-resistant Mosquitoes Identified

Shared via AddThis

Pralatrexate gets FDA approval....

We did know that Pralatrexate, also known as 10-propargyl- 10-deazaaminopterin, common name PDX, is a drug candidate being studied for the treatment of cancer. PDX is a Folate Anolog Inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase. As of August 2008^[update], it is undergoing Phase II clinical trials for the treatment of Hodgkin & Nonhodgkin lymphoma (including T -cell lymphoma), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and bladder cancer.

Now FDA has approved this drug. So at last, patients with relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) will breathe a sigh of relief. FOLOTYN (Pralatrexate) is the first and only drug approved by the FDA for this indication and represents a new treatment option for patients with relapsed or refractory PTCL. This indication is based on overall response rate. Clinical benefit such as improvement in progression free survival or overall survival has not been demonstrated. Allos expects to make FOLOTYN available to patients in the U.S. in October.

More info...

Novel Mass Spectrometry Application for drug discovery?

In one of my earlier blog, Dec., 28th 2008, ( FBDD- A New Approach Of Drug Discovery) I did mention about the use of a number of biophysical techniques as screening tools including high-throughput x-ray crystallography (the advantage of giving the best picture of how the fragment sits in the target) and when paired with NMR allows you to create a structure-based lead.

With different companies approaching this new route in different ways like :

1. high-throughput x-ray crystallography
2. NMR-fragment screening
3. fluorescence polarization assay and many other interesting ways like Protien-Protein interactions etc., this field I think have important role to play.

The drug discovery field got a momentum and has lead to a new direction.....

While reading Science Daily (Online issue, Sept 21, 2009), I found this interesting (article ) and really innovative finding , which I want to share...

Preliminary studies by the researchers (Dr. Ken & Dr.Rakesh )have shown that the new mass spectrometry tool—known as MALDI-QqQMS (matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-triple quadruple mass spectrometer)—provides a superior means of measuring the enzyme reactions critical to drug discovery at speeds comparable to currently available high-throughput screening systems at significantly lower costs. As per the claim by the researchers, Dr. Ken Greis, "If introduced broadly, the new generation mass spectrometry-based method the researchers are proposing could significantly reduce the cost of running drug compound screening assays while also saving drug development teams substantial time by improving the accuracy of data collected. As per the claim by these researchers the above mentioned methods are costly.

Dr. Ken Greis and Dr. Rakesh Rathore have developed a custom high-throughput screening method using a generalized platform. Unlike the commercially available systems that analyze byproducts and coupled reactions, their system directly measures and quantifies the substrate and the end product of the reaction. They say using mass spectrometry to measure the mass and quantity of the product gives researchers a direct measure of the assay and more reliable compounds to explore, eliminating the chances for molecular interference common with chemiluminescence and fluorescence-based systems. Its a remarkable achievement and hope in the near future we will have an automated system for commercial use with least expense. Best of luck. For More....

Superheavy Element 114 Confirmed.........

Superheavy Element 114 Confirmed: A Stepping Stone To The 'Island Of Stability'

Shared via AddThis

Certain Colors More Likely To Cause Epileptic Fits......

Certain Colors More Likely To Cause Epileptic Fits, Researchers Find

Shared via AddThis

Alternates to pheromones ?

I studied about the pheromones when I was doing my post graduation and the professor, who taught us has worked with Dr. H.C. Brown (Nobel Laureate, for his contribution to the field of Organo Boranes) made us understand what are pheromones, how they are prepared and how actually they attract the insects. I think the field has been widely accepted. As for as my knowledge goes the preparation of pheromones is a costly affair (via , organo boranes). Recently I found this interesting article, where in the researchers claim that with the help of alternate chemicals (other than pheromones) one can send insects off the scent of crops.

Dr. Antony Hooper of Rothamsted Research, an institute of BBSRC said, one way in which insects find each other and their hosts is by smell, or more accurately: the detection of chemical signals – pheromones, for example. Insects smell chemicals with their antennae; the chemical actually gets into the antennae of the insect and then attaches to a protein called an odorant-binding protein, or OBP. This then leads to the insect changing its behavior in some way in response to the smell, for example, flying towards a plant or congregating with other insects (that is what we were taught..) But the more interesting part of the research is .....studying an OBP found in the silkworm moth Bombyx mori, Dr Hooper and his team were able to look at how the OBP and a relevant pheromone interact. They also tested the interaction between OBP and other molecules (that are similar to, but not the same as, the pheromone). They actually found that there are other compounds that bind to the OBP much more strongly than the pheromone.

The researchers could potentially apply these compounds, in some way to block the insects’ ability to detect chemical signals – the smell would be overwhelmed by the one they introduced. and by doing so the researchers expect the insects to be less likely to orientate themselves towards the crop plants, or find mates in this case, and therefore could reduce the damage. Though still lot of work has to be done, its a good beginning.

Hope this new and innovative way to prevent and control pests and diseases will be a success in the days to come. I wish every success in their endeavor...

Congrats Dr. Antony Hooper and co-workers..

Ref :
http://www.bbsrc.ac.uk/media/releases/2009/090924_scientists_discover_how_to_send_insects_of_the_scent.html

Stelara approved by the FDA for treating psoriasis

We know that Stelara (Ustekinumab), is a human monoclonal antibody that binds to the shared p40 protein subunit of human IL-12 and IL-23 with high affinity and specificity, thereby preventing interaction with their surface IL-12Rβ1 receptor. Hope this approval provides an alternative treatment for people with plaque psoriasis, which can cause significant physical discomfort from pain and itching and result in poor self-image for people who are self-conscious about their appearance...

Stelara approved by the FDA for treating psoriasis

Shared via AddThis

Years of caste system belie Indians' shared ancestry - life - 24 September 2009 - New Scientist

Though there were already some sort of genetic info, regarding the difference in the North & South Indians. This info should be used exclusively for medicinal purpose, but not to differentiate again between North & South Indians. After all human beings all over the world are same. We have already facing racial attacks in Australia and this info shldn't lead to difference amongst Indians !...

Years of caste system belie Indians' shared ancestry - life - 24 September 2009 - New Scientist

Shared via AddThis

Water Found on the Moon

I think this article finds some significance with relevance to the presence of water..anyway wait for tomorrow.......



Water Found on the Moon

Posted using ShareThis

Water on the moon? ISRO to announce on Friday

Eagerly waiting for Friday....



Water on the moon? ISRO to announce on Friday

Shared via AddThis

Rethinking of Alzheimer's Disease ?

So for the explanation for the Alzheimer's disease is "amyloid hypothesis", i.e., the disease results from of an accumulation of the peptide amyloid beta, the toxic protein fragments that deposit in the brain and become the sticky plaques that have defined Alzheimer's, this hypothesis has been accepted for 100 years. Something new explanation has been provided by George Bartzokis of UCLA professor of psychiatry and he says that a better working hypothesis is the "myelin model". He explains the model in the following lines :

Like insulation around wires, myelin is a fatty sheath that coats our nerve axons, allowing for efficient conduction of nerve impulses. It is key to the fast processing speeds that underlie our higher cognitive functions and encoding of memories. But the lifelong, extensive myelination of the human brain also makes it uniquely vulnerable to damage. The myelin model's central premise is that it is the normal, routine maintenance and repair of myelin throughout life that ultimately initiates the mechanisms that produce degenerative diseases like Alzheimer's. That is, the amyloid-beta peptide and the tau peptide, which is also implicated in Alzheimer's, as well as the signature clinical signs of the disease, such as memory loss and, ultimately, dementia, are all byproducts of the myelin breakdown and repair processes. The pervasive myelination of our brain is the single most unique aspect in which the human brain differs from other species.

Myelin is produced by oligodendrocytes, specialized glial cells that themselves become more vulnerable with age. Myelination of the brain follows an inverted U-shaped trajectory, growing strongly until our 50s, when it very slowly begins to unravel as we age. The myelin that is deposited in adulthood ensheaths increasing numbers of axons with smaller axon diameters and so spreads itself thinner and thinner. As a result, it becomes more susceptible to the ravages of age in the form of environmental and genetic insults and slowly begins to break down faster than it can be repaired.

The exclusive targeting of the amyloid-beta peptide for many years is understandable because the same genes and enzymes involved in controlling myelination and myelin repair are, ironically, also involved in the production of amyloid-beta proteins. Bartzokis' point is that the amyloid beta may actually develop as a result of the natural process of the repair and maintenance of myelin. So the breakdown that leads to Alzheimer's and other age-related brain diseases, such as Parkinson's, may begin much earlier, before the formation of the protein deposits that are used to define these diseases," Bartzokis said. Hope this explanation will lead to new innovative ideas for drug discoverers like rather than targeting amyloid-beta peptide !. Hoping for the better results....

Ref : http://newsroom.ucla.edu/portal/ucla/new-target-for-alzheimer-s-102065.aspx

Gene Therapy Trial To Treat Alzheimer's Disease !

The first study of its kind for the treatment of patients : the phase II study examines the safety and possible benefits of CERE-110. CERE-110 contains a gene and is injected during surgery into a part of the brain affected by Alzheimer's disease.

The gene will instruct brain cells to produce more of a protein, called Nerve Growth Factor or NGF, which helps nerve cells survive and function properly. The transfer of this gene into the brain is a medical technique called gene therapy. Though the goal is to to stop the progression of Alzheimer's disease, its a good move because still there are drugs to be innovated for the complete cure. Congrats Dr. Chris Kalhorn.

Ref : http://explore.georgetown.edu/news/?ID=44677&PageTemplateID=295

Naked mole rats may help cure cancer - health - 22 September 2009 - New Scientist

Naked mole rats may help cure cancer - health - 22 September 2009 - New Scientist

Shared via AddThis

Chandrayaan-1 X-ray Spectrometer Success To Provide New Understanding Of Lunar Surface

When I read about the news about the loss of contact with Chandrayaan-1 last month, I thought its huge loss and a set back to ISRO. At least some important info it has provided makes us feel oats. The data finds its significance because of the fact that the science team will be able to determine the geochemistry of new areas of the lunar surface, adding some vital pieces to the jigsaw of the mineralogy of the lunar surface. More....

Chandrayaan-1 X-ray Spectrometer Success To Provide New Understanding Of Lunar Surface

Shared via AddThis