FDA Approves Bridion (sugammadex) to Reverse Effects of Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs

"Bridion provides a new treatment option that may help patients recover sooner from medications used for intubation or ventilation during surgery,” said Sharon Hertz, The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today approved Bridion (sugammadex) injection to reverse the effects of neuromuscular blockade induced by rocuronium bromide and vecuronium bromide, which are used during certain types of surgery in adults.

Rocuronium bromide and vecuronium bromide are neuromuscular blocking drugs that cause temporary paralysis by interfering with the transmission of nerve impulses to the muscle and are used to paralyze the vocal cords when patients require an artificial airway or breathing tube for surgery, a process called tracheal intubation. They can also be used to prevent patients from moving during surgery while they are receiving general anesthesia. Neuromuscular blocking drugs are also sometimes used to prevent the body from breathing automatically when a patient has to be placed on a ventilator.

M.D., director of the Division of Anesthesia, Analgesia and Addiction Products in the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. “This drug enables medical personnel to reverse the effects of neuromuscular blocking drugs and restore spontaneous breathing after surgery.

FDA Approves Bridion (sugammadex) to Reverse Effects of Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs

FDA Approves Uptravi (selexipag) for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

On December 21, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Uptravi (selexipag) tablets to treat adults with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), a chronic, progressive, and debilitating rare lung disease that can lead to death or the need for transplantation. “Uptravi offers an additional treatment option for patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension,” said Ellis Unger, M.D., director of the Office of Drug Evaluation I in the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. “The FDA supports continued efforts to provide new treatment options for rare diseases.”

PAH is high blood pressure that occurs in the arteries that connect the heart to the lungs. It causes the right side of the heart to work harder than normal, which can lead to limitations on exercise ability and shortness of breath, among other more serious complications.

Uptravi belongs to a class of drugs called oral IP prostacyclin receptor agonists. The drug acts by relaxing muscles in the walls of blood vessels to dilate (open) blood vessels and decrease the elevated pressure in the vessels supplying blood to the lungs.

Uptravi’s safety and efficacy were established in a long-term clinical trial of 1,156 participants with PAH. Uptravi was shown to be effective in reducing hospitalization for PAH and reducing the risks of disease progression compared to placebo. Participants were exposed to Uptravi in this trial for a median duration of 1.4 years.

FDA Approves Uptravi (selexipag) for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

FDA Approves Alecensa (alectinib) for ALK-Positive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today approved Alecensa (alectinib) to treat people with advanced (metastatic) ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) whose disease has worsened after, or who could not tolerate treatment with, another therapy called Xalkori (crizotinib).

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States, with an estimated 221,200 new diagnoses and 158,040 deaths in 2015, according to the National Cancer Institute. An ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase) gene mutation can occur in several different types of cancer cells, including lung cancer cells. ALK gene mutations are present in about 5 percent of patients with NSCLC. In metastatic cancer, the disease spreads to new parts of the body. In ALK-positive NSCLC metastatic patients, the brain is a common place for the disease to spread.

“Today’s approval provides a new therapy for a group of patients who would have few treatment options once their disease no longer responds to treatment with Xalkori,” said Richard Pazdur, M.D., director of the Office of Hematology and Oncology Products in the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. “In addition to the primary effect on tumors in the lung, Alecensa clinical trials provide evidence of an effect on tumors that had spread to the brain, which is an important effect for clinicians to understand.”

Alecensa is an oral medication that blocks the activity of the ALK protein, which may prevent NSCLC cells from growing and spreading.

The safety and efficacy of Alecensa were studied in two single-arm clinical trials of patients with metastatic ALK-positive

FDA Approves Alecensa (alectinib) for ALK-Positive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

FDA Approves Zurampic (lesinurad) to Treat High Blood Uric Acid Levels Associated with Gout

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today approved Zurampic (lesinurad) to treat high levels of uric acid in the blood (hyperuricemia) associated with gout, when used in combination with a xanthine oxidase inhibitor (XOI), a type of drug approved to reduce the production of uric acid in the body. Gout is a painful form of arthritis caused by the buildup of too much uric acid in the body, and usually appears first as redness, soreness, and swelling in the big toe. Uric acid in the blood is produced by the breakdown of substances called purines, which are found in all the body’s tissues. Uric acid usually dissolves in the blood then passes through the kidneys and out of the body in urine. Uric acid can build up in the blood, a condition called hyperuricemia. This occurs when the body increases the amount of uric acid it makes, the kidneys do not get rid of enough uric acid, or a person eats too many foods high in purines. Most people with hyperuricemia do not develop gout, but if uric acid forms crystals in the body, gout can develop.

"Controlling hyperuricemia is critical to the long-term treatment of gout," said Badrul Chowdhury, M.D., director of the Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Rheumatology Products in the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. "Zurampic provides a new treatment option for the millions of people who may develop gout over their lifetimes."

Zurampic works by helping the kidney excrete uric acid. It does this by inhibiting the function of transporter proteins involved in uric acid reabsorption in the kidney.

The safety and efficacy for Zurampic were evaluated in three randomized, placebo-controlled studies in combination with a XOI involving 1,537 participants for up to 12 months. Participants treated with Zurampic in combination with a XOI experienced reduced serum uric acid levels compared to placebo.

FDA Approves Zurampic (lesinurad) to Treat High Blood Uric Acid Levels Associated with Gout

New type of hydrogen bond discovered

An entirely new class of hydrogen bond that forms between a boron–hydrogen group and the aromatic, π-electron system of a benzene ring has been discovered. The non-classical B–H…π bond can be seen in the gas phase locking together diborane and benzene with a strength comparable to the hydrogen bonds that hold water dimers together

New type of hydrogen bond discovered 

EMA CHMP considers AcelRx's ARX-04 for acute pain treatment for centralized review

AcelRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Nasdaq: ACRX), a specialty pharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of innovative therapies for the intended treatment of acute pain, reported that the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) at the European Medicines Agency (EMA) has confirmed that a Marketing Authorization Application (MAA) for ARX-04 may be submitted in the European Union (EU) under the Agency's centralized procedure. ARX-04 (sufentanil sublingual tablet, 30 mcg) is being developed for the treatment of moderate-to-severe acute pain in adult patients administered by a healthcare professional in a medically supervised setting.

ARX-04 is a non-invasive, fast-onset sufentanil product candidate under investigation.

"We appreciate the CHMP's consideration of ARX-04 for regulatory review under the centralized process, which we expect will make our planned MAA filing with the EMA much more efficient," commented Dr. Pamela Palmer, co-founder and chief medical officer of AcelRx. "The EMA's centralized procedure is typically limited to products the EMA believes constitute significant therapeutic, scientific or technical innovations, characteristics we believe ARX-04 possesses."

For eligible drugs, the centralized procedure permits the submission of a single marketing application to the EMA that, if approved, allows the drug to be marketed in all 27 EU member states, as well as in the three European Economic Area (EEA) countries: Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway.

ARX-04 is currently being studied in an open-label Phase 3 study (SAP302) in adult patients who present in the emergency room with acute moderate-to-severe pain associated with trauma or injury, and an additional Phase 3 study (SAP303) is planned in postoperative patients with acute moderate-to-severe pain. An earlier Phase 3 trial (SAP301) in patients with acute moderate-to-severe pain following ambulatory abdominal surgery demonstrated that patients administered ARX-04 experienced significantly greater pain relief compared to those receiving placebo, as measured by the time-weighted summed pain intensity difference over the first 12 hours of treatment (SPID12) (p<0.001). AcelRx expects to file marketing applications to both the EMA and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for ARX-04.

EMA CHMP considers AcelRx's ARX-04 for acute pain treatment for centralized review

Opicapone simplifies levodopa-related motor fluctuation treatment

Once-daily opicapone is effective for the treatment of end-of-dose motor fluctuations in patients receiving levodopa for Parkinson’s disease, phase III study findings show.

The results indicate that at a dose of 50 mg/day the drug, a potent third-generation catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor, was superior to placebo and non-inferior to entacapone (200 mg with each levodopa dose) in reducing the absolute time patients spent in the off state.

The magnitude of effect with opicapone was greater that than of entacapone, with a 26.2 minute greater reduction in the time spent in the off state after 14–15 weeks of treatment and a 60.8 minute greater reduction compared with placebo.

Opicapone 50 mg “is, therefore, the only once-daily COMT inhibitor to provide a mean reduction in time in the off state that is clinically relevant,” say Patrício Soares-da-Silva (BIAL, Coronado, Portugal) and team.

The average changes from baseline in time spent in the off state over a 24-hour period were 116.8 minutes in 115 patients taking opicapone 50 mg/day, 96.3 minutes in 120 patients taking entacapone and 56.0 minutes in the placebo group.

Opicapone 25 mg and 5 mg were also tested in 116 and 119 patients, respectively, but the effects of these doses on the time patients spent in the off state did not differ significantly from that of placebo.

The researchers note in The Lancet Neurology that, in addition to greater reductions in the time patients spent in the off state, opicapone 50 mg was associated with greater increases in the percentage of time patients spent in the on state without troublesome dyskinesia, with a 5.4% difference compared with placebo and a 1.2% difference compared with entacapone.

Improvements in global symptoms were seen in significantly more patients taking opicapone 50 mg than in those taking entacapone, and while numerical improvements in motor symptom scores were seen in all groups, differences between active treatment and placebo groups were not significant.

Opicapone simplifies levodopa-related motor fluctuation treatment

Selexipag holds promise for treatment of pulmonary hypertension

Living with pulmonary arterial hypertension is challenging, but the chore of treating the rare heart disease may change following promising clinical trial data to be published in the Dec. 24 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.

Data from the largest study ever of pulmonary hypertension shows the oral medication Selexipag led to a 40 percent reduction in hospitalizations and worsening symptoms among patients with pulmonary hypertension.

Selexipag targets a well-known disease pathway that opens blood vessels to the lungs and improves heart function and is easier to use than PH treatments delivered with infusions or injections.

"For more than two decades we've targeted the prostacyclin pathway to induce vasodilation in these blood vessels in the lung," says senior study author Vallerie McLaughlin, M.D., director of the University of Michigan Pulmonary Hypertension Program.

"But because of the cumbersome nature of treatment, patients would often wait until late stages to begin therapy. Having an oral medication to attack the disease pathway will be a major advancement because less ill patients will be willing to begin this therapy," McLaughlin says.

Selexipag demonstrated effectiveness while its most frequent adverse events were headache, diarrhea, nausea, muscle pain and joint pain. The side effects were considered consistent with prostacyclin therapy.

The medication is not commercially available. Following the phase 3 clinical trial, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration is evaluating the drug.

Pulmonary hypertension, which is high blood pressure in the loop of blood vessels connecting the heart and lungs, can make everyday activities exhausting. It often leads to life-threatening heart failure as the heart works harder to pump blood to the lungs.

The greatest number of cases is reported in women between ages 21 and 40 who most often experience fatigue and shortness of breath.

While a rare disease, research of causes and treatment of pulmonary hypertension is growing. The GRIPHON study is a standout because of its size and scope, enrolling 1,156 patients with pulmonary hypertension from 181 centers from 39 countries in North and South America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Africa.

Selexipag holds promise for treatment of pulmonary hypertension

Positive interim results from TWIB's AC-201 CR Phase 2 study for hyperuricemia and gout

TWi Biotechnology Inc. today announced interim results from the ongoing Phase 2 proof of concept clinical study evaluating AC-201 CR as an oral uricosuric and anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of hyperuricemia and prevention of gout flares combining with febuxostat, (see structure) a xanthine oxidase inhibitor.

The interim analysis is for the first enrollment cohort (18 per arm completing Week 8), if the number of subjects in the AC-201 CR arm achieving the clinical target of sUA <6.0 mg/dL at Week 8 is at least 2 greater than the number in the placebo arm, then the remaining subjects will be enrolled in the second cohort; if not, enrollment will be stopped. Based on the report, the responders in AC-201 CR arm is at least 2 greater than the number in the placebo arm. In addition to producing the efficacy of AC-201 CR in gout patients, there have been no serious adverse events reported to date and AC-201 CR was generally safe and well tolerated in the study patients. Therefore, TWIB is able to continue to enroll second cohort subjects and complete this clinical trial in the end of 2016.

"We are encouraged to see the potential efficacy of AC-201 CR in the Phase 2 proof-of-concept study results to date," said Dr. Calvin C. Chen, President and CEO of TWIB. "Current evidence of AC-201 CR efficacy and the preliminary results for tolerance support the potential of AC-201 CR as a dual uricosuric and anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of hyperuricemia and the prevention of gout flares when combining with xanthine oxidase inhibitor. I am very pleased with the interim data as it indicates AC-201 CR may increase the successful rate of the treatment of gout without increase or even decrease the flare rate. The poor compliance of the urate lowering therapy due to frequent gout flares at the initiation and low treatment successful rate offered by existing therapies are the major unmet needs for the management of sUA and gout."

Positive interim results from TWIB's AC-201 CR Phase 2 study for hyperuricemia and gout

HBI-8000 granted orphan drug designation in Japan for treatment of peripheral T-cell lymphoma

HUYA Bioscience International (HUYA), Founder, CEO & Executive Chair, Dr. Mireille Gillings today announced that the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) granted HBI-8000 orphan drug designation in Japan for peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL). HBI-8000 is a novel class I-selective oral histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor with immunomodulatory effects regulating antitumor activity, as well as repression of genes associated with drug resistance. The product is currently completing a Phase 1 open-label, dose escalation trial in Japan to evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetics of HBI-8000 in Japanese patients with non‑Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). The orphan drug designation was based on the estimated size of the Japanese PTCL patient population, the non-clinical and clinical studies as well as the clinical development plan in Japan.

"The breadth of activity of HBI-8000 is now emerging strongly as more studies are conducted. The orphan drug designation for PTCL is an important demonstration of efficacy to combat a devastating unmet need," said Dr. Mireille Gillings, Founder, CEO & Executive Chair of HUYA. "With the orphan drug designation, HBI-8000 should benefit from a priority review for marketing authorization and a 10-year market exclusivity as well as financial incentives."

Under the Tripartite Cooperation Treaty between China, South Korea and Japan and given the recent approval of the drug for the treatment of PTCL in China, HUYA launched development of HBI-8000 in Japan for NHL. The Company plans to begin a Phase 2 registration trial in 2016 based on the Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices Agency's (PMDA) acceptance of HUYA's accelerated development strategy for Japan.

HBI-8000 granted orphan drug designation in Japan for treatment of peripheral T-cell lymphoma

Azithromycin remains effective in treatment of urogenital chlamydia, confirms UAB study

 

In continuation of my update on azithromycin...

In one of the most tightly controlled trials ever conducted of drugs used to treat sexually transmitted infections, researchers at the University of Alabama at Birmingham have confirmed that azithromycin remains effective in the treatment of urogenital chlamydia.

In a study published Dec. 24 in the New England Journal of Medicine, the research team compared two of the most commonly used medications for urogenital chlamydia — a single dose of azithromycin versus doxycycline given twice daily for seven days. Azithromycin had a cure rate of 97 percent, against a 100 percent cure rate for doxycycline.

"Recent studies have raised concerns over the efficacy of azithromycin, and there has not been a definitive, well-controlled randomized clinical trial of its effectiveness," said William M. Geisler, M.D., professor in the Division of Infectious Diseases in the UAB Department of Medicine and principal investigator of the study. "For physicians, knowing whether azithromycin is an effective treatment option is important because patient adherence to therapy with doxycycline can be an issue. Azithromycin requires only one dose, while doxycycline requires patients to take multiple pills over seven days.

Studies have shown that patients are much more likely to be adherent to therapy when taking a single dose compared to multiple doses over time. Failure to take all of a prescribed medicine can allow the condition being treated to persist.

Geisler's team partnered with researchers at the University of Southern California and the Los Angeles County Department of Health Services. They enrolled 567 male and female subjects ages 12-21 with chlamydia residing in long-term, gender-segregated youth correctional facilities in Los Angeles. Half were given azithromycin and half doxycycline.

Azithromycin remains effective in treatment of urogenital chlamydia, confirms UAB study

Zurampic (lesinurad) approved to treat high levels of hyperuricemia associated with gout

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today approved Zurampic (lesinurad) to treat high levels of uric acid in the blood (hyperuricemia) associated with gout, when used in combination with a xanthine oxidase inhibitor (XOI), a type of drug approved to reduce the production of uric acid in the body.

Gout is a painful form of arthritis caused by the buildup of too much uric acid in the body, and usually appears first as redness, soreness, and swelling in the big toe. Uric acid in the blood is produced by the breakdown of substances called purines, which are found in all the body's tissues. Uric acid usually dissolves in the blood then passes through the kidneys and out of the body in urine. Uric acid can build up in the blood, a condition called hyperuricemia. This occurs when the body increases the amount of uric acid it makes, the kidneys do not get rid of enough uric acid, or a person eats too many foods high in purines. Most people with hyperuricemia do not develop gout, but if uric acid forms crystals in the body, gout can develop.

Controlling hyperuricemia is critical to the long-term treatment of gout," said Badrul Chowdhury, M.D., director of the Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Rheumatology Products in the FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. "Zurampic provides a new treatment option for the millions of people who may develop gout over their lifetimes."

Zurampic works by helping the kidney excrete uric acid. It does this by inhibiting the function of transporter proteins involved in uric acid reabsorption in the kidney.

The safety and efficacy for Zurampic were evaluated in three randomized, placebo-controlled studies in combination with a XOI involving 1,537 participants for up to 12 months. Participants treated with Zurampic in combination with a XOI experienced reduced serum uric acid levels compared to placebo.

The most common adverse reactions in clinical trials were headache, influenza, increased blood creatinine, and gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Zurampic has a boxed warning that provides important safety information for health care professionals, including the risk for acute kidney (renal) failure, which is more common when used without an XOI and with higher than approved doses of Zurampic.

The FDA is also requiring a postmarketing study to further evaluate the renal and cardiovascular safety of Zurampic.

Zurampic (lesinurad) approved to treat high levels of hyperuricemia associated with gout

Add-on lamotrigine enhances bipolar depression treatment

Combining lamotrigine with quetiapine improves the treatment of depressive symptoms in patients with bipolar disorder, with the benefits maintained for at least a year, show findings from the CEQUEL trial.

Scores on the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology–self report version 16 (QIDS-SR16) at 12 weeks were, on average, 1.73 points lower among 101 moderately depressed bipolar patients randomly assigned to receive lamotrigine (25 mg/day titrated to 200 mg/day) in addition to quetiapine, compared with 101 assigned to receive add-on placebo.

By 52 weeks, the difference was significant at an average of 2.69 points lower for those taking add-on lamotrigine, after taking into account age, bipolar disorder type and dose of quetiapine (< or ≥300 mg/day), the researchers led by John Geddes (University of Oxford, UK) report in The Lancet Psychiatry.

They also found that significantly more patients taking lamotrigine plus quetiapine were in remission at 12 weeks (31 vs 16%) and 52 weeks (36 vs 13%), with relative risks of 2.11 and 3.73, respectively.

Discussing the findings in a related comment, Gin Malhi (University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia) says: “[T]he investigators skillfully take advantage of the synergy between quetiapine and lamotrigine that arises from their differing, but complementary, mechanisms of action and the separate timescales over which they exert their effects.”

He explains that quetiapine is often given in the short term to ameliorate acute symptoms, whereas lamotrigine is more effective over the longer term. The drug is therefore able to “achieve a therapeutic level and exert its actions under the initial cover of the antipsychotic, which can then be gradually tapered and withdrawn”, he writes.

Add-on lamotrigine enhances bipolar depression treatment

IASLC lauds FDA approval of alectinib for lung cancer treatment

The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) is once again gratified to see the approval of a new second-generation lung cancer treatment that can help many patients in their battle against the disease. Lung cancer patients got another round of hope with the FDA's rapid progression of lung cancer drug approvals - this time for alectinib (Alecensa, Roche/Genenetech) for patients with advanced (metastatic) ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) if their disease deteriorated after treatment with another therapy called crizotinib (Xalkori, Pfizer). Patients who could not tolerate treatment with crizotinib also qualify for use of alectinib.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths around the world, responsible for claiming more lives than prostate, colon and breast cancer combined. Medications that target the individual characteristics of a patient's disease continue to create new options and hope for those with lung cancer. For example, tumor cells in about 5 percent of lung cancer patients with NSCLC contain the ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase) genetic mutation. In patients with metastatic cancer, the disease spreads to new part of the body. For ALK-positive NSCLC metastatic patients, the disease often spreads to the brain.

Many ALK-positive patients benefit from treatments called ALK inhibitors, such as crizotinib which blocks the activity of the ALK protein and can prevent NSCLC cells from growing and spreading. Alectinib is an oral medication that performs similarly. Patients can also develop resistance to ALK inhibitors such as crizotinib, so alectinib gives health professionals a new option to continue to extend their patients' life span. The FDA previously approved ceritinib (Novartis) in the same treatment setting.

"These types of medications that take advantage of a patient's specific genetic mutations are the future of lung cancer treatments and these treatments create a blueprint of how we can turn some cancers into a chronic disease and eventually create a cure," said Fred R. Hirsch, MD, PhD, Professor of Medicine and Pathology at the University of Colorado Cancer Center and School of Medicine and CEO of the IASLC.

Alectinib is the fifth lung cancer treatment approved by the FDA since early October. The others include:

Necitumumab in combination with standard chemotherapy to treat patients with advanced squamous NSCLC who did not previously received systemic therapy;

Two immunotherapy treatments: nivolumab and pembrolizumab;

And osimertinib, a 3rd-generation EGFR TKI.

IASLC lauds FDA approval of alectinib for lung cancer treatment

Encouraging results from cannabidiol trial for treatment-resistant epilepsy

Cannabidiol (CBD), a medical marijuana derivative, was effective in reducing seizure frequency and well-tolerated and safe for most children and young adults enrolled in a year-long study led by epilepsy specialists at NYU Langone Medical Center.

These latest findings provide the first estimates of safety, tolerability and efficacy of prescription CBD in children and adults with severe, highly treatment-resistant epilepsy. Led by Orrin Devinsky, MD, professor of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry and director of the Comprehensive Epilepsy Center at NYU Langone, the study is published in the December 23 issue of Lancet Neurology. While early findings have been released at medical meetings -- including the 2015 American Academy of Neurology conference -- these are the first findings from the trial to be published in a peer-reviewed journal.

The study took place at 11 epilepsy centers across the country. Patients were given the oral CBD treatment Epidiolex over a 12-week treatment period. Results showed a median 36.5 percent reduction in monthly motor seizures, with the median monthly frequency of motor seizures falling from 30 motor seizures a month at the study's start to 15.8 over the 12 weeks. Equally important, CBD was shown to have a sufficient safety profile and was well-tolerated by many patients, despite some isolated adverse events.

"We are very encouraged by our trial results showing that CBD was safe and well-tolerated for most patients, and that seizures dropped significantly," says Devinsky. "But before we raise hopes for families who regularly deal with the devastation of treatment-resistant epilepsy, more research, including further studies through our ongoing randomized controlled trial, are needed to definitively recommend CBD as a treatment to patients with uncontrolled seizures."

Encouraging results from cannabidiol trial for treatment-resistant eplepsy