Adding liraglutide to diet and exercise plan may help people lose weight, reduce diabetes risk

In continuation of my update on liraglutide

For people with prediabetes who are overweight or obese, adding 3.0 mg of liraglutide for three years to a diet and exercise plan may lead to major health improvements, new industry-sponsored research suggests. The results will be presented Monday, April 4, at ENDO 2016, the annual meeting of the Endocrine Society, in Boston.

"Treatment with subcutaneous liraglutide 3.0 mg for three years, combined with a reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity, can help people to not only lose weight, but also reduce the risk of Type 2 diabetes and improve cardiometabolic risk factors, which may ultimately reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease - the number one cause of death globally," said lead study author Ken Fujioka, MD, director of nutrition and metabolic research, and director for weight management at Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, California.

"Type 2 diabetes is a major cause of death in the US. Both obesity, a chronic disease with serious health consequences, and prediabetes, typically defined as blood glucose concentrations that are higher than normal but lower than diabetes thresholds, increase the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes," Fujioka said. "For people with overweight or obesity and prediabetes, losing between 5 and 10 percent of their body weight can reduce their risk of Type 2 diabetes and other obesity-related health consequences."

Adding liraglutide to diet and exercise plan may help people lose weight, reduce diabetes risk

Researchers design more effective version of FDA-approved epilepsy drug with fewer side effects

Researchers at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Arts & Sciences have designed a more effective version of an FDA-approved epilepsy drug with the potential for fewer side effects, according to a study published on March 22 in Molecular Pharmacology. The experimental agent also could prove to be a treatment for tinnitus and other disorders caused by volatile neural signaling.

Epilepsy, in which erratic firing of nerve signals causes seizures, affects about 1 percent of people worldwide, said senior investigator Thanos Tzounopoulos, Ph.D., Endowed Chair in Auditory Physiology, associate professor of otolaryngology and member of the Auditory Research Group, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. Drugs to treat the disorder primarily work by influencing the transport of sodium, potassium and chloride ions across the nerve cell membrane to try to reduce the excitability of the brain cells.

"Unfortunately, these drugs don't work well in nearly a third of patients and there is a great need for better treatments," Dr. Tzounopoulos said. "We have been able to refine an existing medication so that it acts selectively on certain nerve cell membrane transport channels, which should make it more effective."

he available drug is called retigabine, and while it has improved symptoms for some patients, it can also lead to troublesome side effects, including retinal abnormalities, urinary retention and skin discoloration. Dr. Tzounopoulos was part of a study team that evaluated an earlier modification of retigabine, dubbed SF0034, which is being further developed by SciFluor Life Sciences LLC in Cambridge, Mass.

For the current project, Dr. Tzounopoulos and Peter Wipf, Ph.D., Distinguished University Professor of Chemistry at Pitt, rationally redesigned several structural components of retigabine to further increase its potency. Retigabine works by activating all five types of potassium transport channels in the KCNQ category, but only two of the potassium channels, KCNQ2/3, are important for stabilizing the cell membrane of brain cells involved in hyperexcitability-related disorders, such as epilepsy and tinnitus, Dr. Tzounopoulos explained. The new compound, known as RL648_81 ("RL-81"), targets just those channels.

When the researchers compared the three drugs head-to-head in lab tests, they found RL-81 was 15 times more potent than retigabine and three times more potent than SF0034. Because of its specificity, RL-81 also should have fewer side effects.

The experimental compound could also help people with tinnitus by preventing hyper-excitation of nerve cells in auditory pathways, Dr. Tzounopoulos noted.

       

Researchers design more effective version of FDA-approved epilepsy drug with fewer side effects

NTU researchers make breakthrough to tackle growing concern of antibiotic resistance

Scientists at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (NTU Singapore) have discovered that antibiotics can continue to be effective if bacteria's cell-to-cell communication and ability to latch on to each other are disrupted.

This research breakthrough is a major step forward in tackling the growing concern of antibiotic resistance, opening up new treatment options for doctors to help patients fight against chronic and persistent bacterial infections.

The study, led by Assistant Professor Yang Liang from the Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences (SCELSE) at NTU, found that a community of bacteria, known as biofilm, can put up a strong line of defence to resist antibiotics. The NTU team has successfully demonstrated how biofilms can be disrupted to let antibiotics continue their good work.

The research was published recently in Nature Communications, a prestigious academic journal by the Nature Publishing Group.

"Many types of bacteria that used to be easily killed by antibiotics have started to develop antibiotic resistance or tolerance, either through acquiring the antibiotic resistant genes or by forming biofilms," said Asst Prof Yang, who also teaches at NTU's School of Biological Sciences.

"The US Center for Disease Control estimates that over 60 per cent of all bacterial infections are related to biofilms. Our study has shown that by disrupting the cell-to-cell communication between bacteria and their ability to latch on to each other, we can compromise the biofilms, leaving the bacteria vulnerable and easily killed by antibiotics."

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is rapidly growing world-wide and this puts at risk the ability to treat common infections in the community and hospitals.

The World Health Organisation states on its factsheet on Antimicrobial resistance that  "without urgent, coordinated action, the world is heading towards a post-antibiotic era, in which common infections and minor injuries, which have been treatable for decades, can once again kill".

Associate Professor Kevin Pethe, an expert in antibiotic development and infectious diseases from NTU's Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, said that this discovery may yield new treatment options that doctors can employ against chronic and persistent bacterial infections.

"Being able to disable biofilms and its protective benefits for the bacteria is a big step towards tackling the growing concern of antibiotic resistance," said Assoc Prof Pethe.

"While the scientific community is developing new types of antibiotics and antimicrobial treatments, this discovery may help to buy time by improving the effectiveness of older drugs."

NTU researchers make breakthrough to tackle growing concern of antibiotic resistance

U of S-led researchers develop novel class of compounds for effective cancer treatment

A novel class of compounds developed by a University of Saskatchewan (U of S)-led research team could yield more effective and less toxic chemotherapy drugs to treat cancer.

Team leader Jonathan Dimmock, a medicinal chemistry researcher in the U of S College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, explained their compounds work by interacting with thiols, naturally occurring chemicals that perform several roles in cells.

The approach offers advantages over existing chemotherapy drugs which target nucleic acids found in DNA.

"Many of the compounds or drugs on the market are those that interfere with nucleic acids," Dimmock said. "These types of compounds can be very toxic and they can also cause problems of their own, like actually inducing cancer."

Thiols offer another approach. Among their many roles are defending cells against oxidization and modulating apoptosis—the process in which worn-out cells die. One of the hallmarks of cancer cells is they don't experience apoptosis and keep dividing out of control.

Umashankar Das, a research scientist in the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and long-time collaborator of Dimmock, explained that cancer cells produce an excess of thiols, such as one called glutathione. Knocking down levels of these thiols reduces cancer cells' ability to resist drugs.

"In cancer cells, glutathione expression is very high, which creates a defense mechanism," Das said. "Any anti-cancer compound that enters the cell cannot sustain its effect."

To address this, the team developed a two-stage attack, first knocking down thiol levels to make the cancer cells vulnerable, then hitting them again.

"Over the years, we've developed the theory of 'sequential cytotoxicity,' which simply means you give an initial attack on the cancer cell and then you give a second chemical attack," Dimmock said. "The cancer cells may be more vulnerable to the second attack than normal cells."

Designing molecules that selectively target thiols produced by cancer cells that cause drug resistance is the focus of many years' work by Dimmock, Das and their collaborators. In their latest study, they tested compounds against cells from nine different types of human cancer, including common types affecting blood, colon, breast, prostate, ovaries, kidneys, and lungs.

Das explained that since the compounds they've developed make cancer cells more sensitive to attack, they also remove resistance to standard chemotherapy drugs—a serious problem in current therapies.

U of S-led researchers develop novel class of compounds for effective cancer treatment

Plitidepsin in combination with dexamethasone shows top-line results in Phase III multiple myeloma trial

 

In continuation of my updates on  dexamethasone and Aplidin (plitidepsin) 

PharmaMar (MSE:PHM)  announced positive top-line results of its Phase III clinical trial -ADMYRE- with Aplidin (plitidepsin) in combination with dexamethasone versus dexamethasone alone in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (MM). Aplidin® has shown a statistically significant 35% reduction in the risk of progression or death over the comparator (p=0.0054). The study has met its primary endpoint.

This pivotal, randomized, open-label, international, multicenter Phase III clinical trial, called ADMYRE, enrolled 255 patients in 83 medical centers across 19 countries (including the U.S, Europe and Asia-Pacific) with relapsed or relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma after at least three but no more than six prior therapeutic regimens.

The efficacy of plitidepsin in combination with dexamethasone versus dexamethasone alone has been evaluated by means of PFS calculated using the IMWG (International Myeloma Working Group) criteria and other secondary efficacy endpoints. A full description of the final ADMYRE data will be submitted for presentation at an upcoming medical meeting.

"Taking into account these positive results, we intend to submit a Marketing Authorization Application to the European Medicines Agency during the last quarter of this year", said Luis Mora, Managing Director of the Oncology Business Unit of PharmaMar, who added "I´d like to thank all the patients, physicians and the dedicated team at PharmaMar who helped participate in the success of this trial. Aplidin® may be our second drug of marine origin in the market".

As previously disclosed PharmaMar has entered into licensing agreements to market and distribute the drug candidate Aplidin with Specialised Therapeutics Asia, covering several Asian countries, Australia and New Zealand; with TTY Biopharm in Taiwan; and with a co-promotion agreement in 8 European countries with Chugai Pharma Europe.

Plitidepsin in combination with dexamethasone shows top-line results in Phase III multiple myeloma trial

Gleevec could be novel therapeutic agent for type 2 diabetes

The cancer treatment drug Imatinib, otherwise known as Gleevec is approved to treat various forms of cancer, mostly notably chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). However, researchers have stumbled onto another possible use for it, curing type 2 diabetes.

The team--made up of scientists from the Scripps Research Institute in United States, South Korea-based company Hyndai Pharm Co., Ltd., the Seoul National University, and Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)--has identified for the first time that, through control of PPARγ, Gleevec lowers the level of insulin resistance, thereby reducing the risk of both hyperglycemia and obesity.

Acording to the team, led by Prof. Jang Hyun Choi (School of Life Sciences) of UNIST, "Although TZD-based medicines work effectively at improving glucose uptake by skeletal muscle and other peripheral tissues, due to increased risk of adverse effects they have been withdrawn from the market ." He continues, "In order to develop new type of medication that have fewer side effects, we have have discovered a new compound that can maintain stable blood sugar levels."

Among insulin-sensitizing drugs, TZDs are a therapeutic class that are selective agonists for PPARγ, which plays a central role in how the body metabolizes glucose, stores fat, and controls immune and inflammatory responses.

In the study, the team observed that the phosphorylation of PPARγ is closely related to developing diabetes. They also discovered that the removal of phosphoric acid from PPARγ shows anti-diabetic effects. To determine whether phosphoric acid is bound to PPARγ, the team developed a new chemical screening procedure. Using high throughput phosphorylation screening, the team discovered that Gleevec blocks CDK5-mediated PPARγ phosphorylation devoid of classical agonism as a PPARγ antagonist ligand.

Prof. Choi states, "Although studies have shown that Gleevec treatment may show improved insulin sensitivity and decrease blood glucose in patients with known diabetes, the exact cause hasn't been proven yet." He continues, "Through this research, we discovered Gleevec, which is used in leukemia medications, can inhibit the phosphorylation of PPARγ."

Gleevec could be novel therapeutic agent for type 2 diabetes

New drug regimens could significantly improve treatment for tuberculosis

Researchers from UCLA and Shanghai Jiao Tong University have made an important step toward a substantially faster and more effective treatment for tuberculosis, which infects some 10 million people and causes 1.5 million deaths each year.

Combination therapy, which utilizes a series of drugs, is a clinical standard for many major diseases. However, the number of potential combinations of different drugs and dose levels can be in the billions, making the prospect of choosing the best one seem daunting.

The research was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

In the study, researchers used a technique called feedback system control, which was developed at UCLA, to study cells infected with the bacteria that cause tuberculosis. They quickly narrowed combinations of 14 different tuberculosis drugs with five different doses -- resulting in 6 billion possibilities -- into several promising combination treatments that kill the bacteria that cause tuberculosis much faster than the standard regimen used to treat tuberculosis.

"Designing a drug combination with optimized drug-dose ratios has, until now, been virtually impossible," said Chih-Ming Ho, the study's principal investigator and the Ben Rich-Lockheed Martin Chair Professor at UCLA's Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science. "Feedback system control technology demonstrated it can pinpoint these best possible ratios for a wide spectrum of diseases."

"If our findings are confirmed in human studies, the new drug regimens that we have identified should dramatically shorten the time needed to treat tuberculosis," said Dr. Marcus Horwitz, a senior author on the research and a distinguished professor of medicine and microbiology, immunology and molecular genetics at the UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine. "This will increase the likelihood of successful treatment and decrease the likelihood of patients developing drug-resistant tuberculosis. A highly successful and rapid treatment may hasten the eventual eradication of tuberculosis."

New drug regimens could significantly improve treatment for tuberculosis: Researchers from UCLA and Shanghai Jiao Tong University have made an important step toward a substantially faster and more effective treatment for tuberculosis, which infects some 10 million people and causes 1.5 million deaths each year.

Melatonin appears to suppress growth of breast cancer stem cells

In continuation of my update on Melatonin

Melatonin, a hormone produced in the human brain, appears to suppress the growth of breast cancer tumors.

Researchers at Michigan State University published this finding in the current issue ofGenes and Cancer. While treatments based on this key discovery are still years away, the results give scientists a key foundation on which to build future research.

"You can watch bears in the zoo, but you only understand bear behavior by seeing them in the wild," said David Arnosti, MSU biochemistry professor, director of MSU's Gene Expression in Development and Disease Initiative and co-author of the study. "Similarly, understanding the expression of genes in their natural environment reveals how they interact in disease settings. That's what is so special about this work."

The brain manufactures melatonin only at night to regulate sleep cycles. Epidemiologists and experimentalists have speculated that the lack of melatonin, due in part to our sleep-deprived modern society, put women at higher risk for breast cancer. The latest MSU study showed that melatonin suppresses the growth of breast cancer stem cells, providing scientific proof to support the growing body of anecdotal evidence on sleep deprivation.

The research team was led by Juliana Lopes, a visiting researcher from Sao Paolo, Brazil. Before the team could test its theory, the scientists had to grow tumors from stem cells, known as "mammospheres," a method perfected in the laboratory of James Trosko at MSU.

The growth of these mammospheres was enhanced with chemicals known to fuel tumor growth, namely, the natural hormone estrogen, and estrogen-like chemical Bisphenol A, or BPA, found in many types of plastic food packages.

Melatonin treatment significantly decreased the number and size of mammospheres when compared with the control group. Furthermore, when the cells were stimulated by estrogen or BPA and treated with melatonin at the same time, there was a greater reduction in the number and size of mammospheres.

"This work establishes the principal by which cancer stem cell growth may be regulated by natural hormones, and provides an important new technique to screen chemicals for cancer-promoting effects, as well as identify potential new drugs for use in the clinic," Trosko said.

Mycophenolate mofetil drug seems safe, effective in treating autoimmune hepatitis

New research indicates that mycophenolate mofetil, a drug that is usually used to prevent rejection after kidney, heart or liver transplant, seems safe and effective in treating autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), a serious chronic liver disease that mainly affects women. 

Treatment for AIH is usually based on steroids, which can have very serious side effects when taken long term either alone or in combination with the immunosuppressive drug azathioprine. In this latest real-world study, nearly 94% of patients had an initial complete response to mycophenolate mofetil mostly within 3 months of treatment. A total of 78 of 109 patients (72%) had a complete response on-treatment, and 61 of 78 (78%) maintained remission off steroids. Most importantly, mycophenolate mofetil as front-line treatment for AIH not only accomplished high rates of on-treatment response, but also showed the highest rates of maintenance of complete remission after complete drug withdrawal (75% of patients) ever published, for a median of 2 years.

"As relapse after drug withdrawal in AIH patients is almost universal with conventional therapy, mycophenolate mofetil seems a reasonable, safe, and important alternative first-line treatment of AIH that should seriously and urgently be considered in the future," said Dr. George Dalekos, senior author of the Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics study.

Mycophenolate mofetil drug seems safe, effective in treating autoimmune hepatitis: New research indicates that mycophenolate mofetil, a drug that is usually used to prevent rejection after kidney, heart or liver transplant, seems safe and effective in treating autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), a serious chronic liver disease that mainly affects women.

Experimental drug may become key tool to target triple-negative breast cancer with immunotherapy

Previous studies at the University of Colorado Cancer Center show that the experimental drug AMPI-109 potently kills triple-negative breast cancer cells. But even the most compelling evidence of cell death in a dish isn't enough to push a drug into human clinical trials, even for triple-negative breast cancer, which has a high mortality rate and remains largely without targeted treatment options. Clinical trials are commonly guided by the knowledge of how a drug works - an understanding that can allow researchers to tweak a drug's effectiveness or explore rational combinations of multiple drugs to maximize antitumor responses. Now a study published in the journal Oncogenesis offers compelling evidence that AMPI-109 works by flipping the switch on an enzyme called PRL-3 that initially puts cancer cells to "sleep" or senescence, and shortly thereafter leads to their death, or apoptosis.

"For decades, we've known about a paradoxical signaling pathway called TNF-R1 whose activation can either help a cell survive or lead to cell death. However, the signals that lead to this pathway promoting survival or promoting death have been poorly understood, especially in the context of cancer cells. We have observed that one regulator of this process in triple-negative breast cancer cells may be the activity of PRL-3. With this gene active, cells survive. With PRL-3 inactivated, cells senesce and eventually die," says Hamid Gari, PhD, who studied the mechanism of PRL-3 while working as a doctoral candidate in the lab of CU Cancer Center investigator James R. Lambert, PhD. Gari is first author and Lambert is senior author of the current study which was performed in collaboration with Scott Lucia, MD in the department of Pathology.

Gari explains that PRL-3 sets in motion a set of genes that recruits elements of the immune system to boost cancer growth during good times and allows cancer cells to sleep through bad times, for example those caused by anti-cancer therapies.

"Hamid's studies knocked down the gene PRL-3 in triple-negative breast cancer cells using genetic techniques, but the drug does something analogous by blocking PRL-3 function. Our studies suggest AMPI-109 reprograms the cell to enter senescence but then they keep going past this state and into apoptosis," Lambert says.

The finding comes at a time when cancer immunotherapies are becoming first-line treatments for many forms of the disease. Basically, the strategy is to teach the immune system to recognize and attack tumor tissue. However, some cancers may be particularly good at "hiding" from the immune system, allowing them to subsist and thrive in challenging tumor tissue conditions. For this reason, many immunotherapies result in holding cancer at bay rather than wiping it out completely. In fact, some immunotherapies treat cancer as a chronic condition, with therapy continuing indefinitely with the goal of simply keeping cancer in check.

"Our studies propose that by inhibiting PRL-3 activity, such as with AMPI-109, it may serve as a 'flag' to signal the immune system where the tumor is, and in essence could sensitize tumors to immunotherapy. The result is a two-hit strategy to expose the tumor and then allow the immune system combat it," Gari says.

Ref : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26909599?dopt=Abstract&holding=npg

Ref : http://www.nature.com/oncsis/journal/v5/n8/full/oncsis201650a.html#bib6

Experimental drug may become key tool to target triple-negative breast cancer with immunotherapy

Xalkori Approved For Rare Genetic Form of Lung Cancer

In continuation of my update on Xalkori (crizotinib)

Xalkori (crizotinib) has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to treat advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with tumors that have a rare ROS-1 gene mutation.The drug was approved in 2011 to treat advanced NSCLC that was related to an abnormal ALK gene, the agency said Friday in a news release.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Last year, more than 221,000 cases were diagnosed and more than 158,000 people died from it, the FDA said.

Clinical studies of 50 people with ROS-1-positive NSCLC found that about two-thirds of participants treated with Xalkori had their tumors partially or completely shrink for an average of 18 months, the agency said.

The drug's most common side effects include nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, swelling, constipation, elevated liver enzymes, fatigue, loss of appetite and upper respiratory infection. More serious adverse reactions could include liver problems, lung inflammation, abnormal heartbeat and loss of vision.

Xalkori Approved For Rare Genetic Form of Lung Cancer 

Teva Receives Complete Response Letter for NDA for SD-809 for the Treatment of Chorea Associated with Huntington Disease

Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.  announced that it has received a Complete Response Letter (CRL) from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regarding the New Drug Application (NDA) for SD-809 (deutetrabenazine) tablets for the treatment of chorea associated Huntington disease (HD). This is the first deuterated product to be reviewed by the FDA. The FDA has asked Teva to examine blood levels of certain metabolites. These metabolites are not novel, and are the same seen in subjects who take tetrabenazine or deutetrabenazine. No new clinical trials have been requested.

“Teva will continue to work closely with the FDA to bring SD-809 to the market as quickly as possible,” said Michael Hayden, M.D., Ph.D., President of Global R&D and Chief Scientific Officer at Teva. “We know that many people in the HD community are waiting for this new medicine. We understand there are very limited treatment options for HD patients and their families, hence we are accelerating the re-analysis process we were asked to conduct. We plan to submit our response to the CRL in Q3 2016."

HD is a rare and fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by the death of nerve cells in the brain that affects about one in 7,000 – 10,000 people in western countries. Chorea—abnormal, involuntary writhing movements—is one of the most striking physical manifestations of this disease and it occurs in approximately 90% of patients at some point in the course of their illness.

In addition to HD, Teva’s programs for the development of SD-809 for the treatment of patients with tardive dyskinesia (TD) and Tourette syndrome (TS) are ongoing. Teva is currently conducting a Phase III efficacy and safety study in patients with moderate to severe TD known as AIM-TD (Addressing Involuntary Movements in Tardive Dyskinesia) and expects additional data from this study later in 2016, with regulatory submission to follow as planned. SD-809 has also been granted orphan drug designation for the treatment of TS in the pediatric population (defined as up to 16 years of age) and is planning further evaluation of SD-809 as a treatment for tics associated with TS.

About SD-809 (deutetrabenazine) Tablets

SD-809 (deutetrabenazine) is an investigational, oral, small-molecule inhibitor of vesicular monoamine 2 transporter, or VMAT2, that is being developed for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington disease (HD). Deutetrabenazine has been granted Orphan Drug Designation for the treatment of HD by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Teva is also investigating the potential of deutetrabenazine for treating tardive dyskinesia, for which the FDA has granted a breakthrough therapy designation, and for tics associated with Tourette syndrome, for which the FDA has granted orphan status for pediatric use. Deutetrabenazine uses Teva’s deuterium technology.

FDA Grants Spectrum Pharmaceuticals Approval of Evomela (melphalan) for Injection

Spectrum Pharmaceuticals,  a biotechnology company with fully integrated commercial and drug development operations with a primary focus in Hematology and Oncology, announced today that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted approval of Evomela for use in two indications: 1) use as a high-dose conditioning treatment prior to hematopoietic progenitor (stem) cell transplantation (ASCT) in patients with multiple myeloma (MM), and 2) for the palliative treatment of patients with MM for whom oral therapy is not appropriate. This is the first product to be FDA-approved for the high-dose conditioning indication in MM.

 

FDA Grants Spectrum Pharmaceuticals Approval of Evomela (melphalan) for Injection

Organic chemists succeed in synthesizing 3,6-Dihydro-2H-pyran derivatives with high enantiomeric purity

The pyran ring is present in so many useful compounds, such as pharmaceuticals (antibiotics, anti-infectives, cardiovascular agents, neurological modulators, anti-allergic, anti-asthmatic, anti-inflammatory agents, reproductive and genitourinary agents, growth promoters and antidiabetic agents), veterinary products, agrochemicals, toxins, polymers and additives, photosensitizers and photoinitiators, surfactants, food products, dyes and pigments. This fact keeps motivating synthetic organic chemists to develop newer facile synthetic methods to make these compounds accessible in high enantiomeric purity. Bansal and co-workers have recently succeeded in obtaining a series of phenyl substituted 3,6-Dihydro-2H-pyran derivatives in 68 to 95% enantiomeric excess.

This report has two important features. It illustrates that differently substituted 2-phenyl-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyrans can be obtained in high yield with high enantiomeric purity involving relatively simple experimental method. Secondly, the enantiomeric excess has been rationalized on the basis of computational calculations at the DFT level. It is hoped that the results would be useful for further research in this field.

Allergan Announces FDA Approval of Aczone (dapsone) Gel, 7.5% for Treatment of Acne Vulgaris

Allergan plc, a leading global pharmaceutical company, today announced that the Company has received approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to market Aczone (dapsone) Gel, 7.5%, a new prescription topical treatment for acne in patients 12 years of age and older. Aczone Gel, 7.5% delivers proven efficacy to treat both inflammatory and non-inflammatory acne, with a new concentration of dapsone in just once-a-day application.

  (Dapsone)

"For the Aczone Gel, 7.5% pivotal trials, we studied 4,340 acne patients, demonstrating efficacy and tolerability. The new FDA product approval also offers just once-daily dosing and a new pump delivery system," said David Nicholson, Executive Vice President and President of Global R&D Brands at Allergan. "As part of Allergan's commitment to the medical dermatology space, we have truly raised the bar for ourselves in efforts to offer an effective acne product to address physician and patient needs."

In clinical trials of Aczone Gel, 7.5%, safety and efficacy were assessed in two identically designed, randomized, multi-centered, double-blind, vehicle-controlled 12-week studies. A total of 4,340 acne patients were randomized to receive either Aczone Gel, 7.5% (n=2162) or vehicle (n=2178). The majority of patients (99%; n=4339) had moderate acne, with a baseline score of 3 on the Global Acne Assessment Score (GAAS). Aczone Gel, 7.5% was approved based on co-primary endpoints of the GAAS and lesion counts (20 to 50 inflammatory and 30 to 100 non-inflammatory lesions at baseline). At week 12, inflammatory lesions were reduced by 15.8 lesions (54.6%; n=2162) vs 13.9 lesions with vehicle (48.1%; n=2178), and non-inflammatory lesions were reduced by 20.7 lesions (45.1%) vs 18.0 lesions with vehicle (39.4%).2 The GAAS success rate in patients was 29.8% (n=2162) vs 21.1% with vehicle (n=2178).

In addition to efficacy, Aczone Gel, 7.5% has a proven tolerability profile. Out of 2161 patients who used Aczone Gel, 7.5%, 1.1% experienced mild application-site dryness vs 1.0% with vehicle (n=2175), and 0.9% experienced pruritus vs 0.5% with vehicle.

Allergan Announces FDA Approval of Aczone (dapsone) Gel, 7.5% for Treatment of Acne Vulgaris